![]() The animal origin of the raw materials and the degree of processing have an effect on the physicochemical properties of the gelatin. Hence, there is an urgent requirement to develop a reliable method for identifying the animal origin of gelatin in the products. It has been reported that bovine gelatin in vaccine, erythropoietin products and suppositories could cause anaphylaxis. ![]() The use of inappropriate gelatin from animal origin can also induce the body's immune system responses, such as allergic reactions. Moreover, people may have allergy problems from exposure to certain animal-derived products. On the other hand, there have been concerns that bovine gelatin (BG) may have the potential to carry certain diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Porcine gelatin (PG) is considered as non-halal materials because Muslims and Jews are not allowed to consume any products containing porcine ingredients. Nowadays, gelatin-based products require labelling and information about the animal origin which assist consumers to make choice about the products. Gelatin has been commonly used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, and photographic industries because of its unique structural stability and physio-chemical properties. The most common used gelatins in gelatin-based products are extracted from porcine, bovine, and fish. According to different catalysts, gelatin could be divided into type A gelatin (dilute acid as the catalyst) and type B gelatin (alkali as the catalyst) in the market. Usually, collagen from the animal raw material was hydrolyzed using dilute acid or alkali as the catalyst to the partial cleavage of cross-links of collagen and gelatin, as a common derivative of collagen, is formed. So far, 28 types of collagen, called type I to type XXVIII based on the chronological order of their discovery, have been found and they mainly exist in animal connective tissues, such as skin, bone, blood vessel, tendon, cartilage, muscle, and ligament. We hope that this review could provide theoretical guidance and advanced strategies for developing animal origin identification technologies for gelatin-based products.Ĭollagen, which is a long fibrous protein abundant in mammals, makes up 30% of the total protein mass in body. ![]() The main desideratum of the current treatise is to review the recent progress on this subject with respect to: (1) the identification of animal in halal gelatin-based products, (2) the determination of the authenticity of gelatinous medicines from animal, especially from the highly homologous family species, and (3) the quantification of gelatin in gelatin-based products, using LC-MS method. Among various identification methods, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has specifically become a research hotspot for animal origin identification and quantitative analysis of gelatin-based products due to its superior reliability, selectivity, and sensitivity. ![]() Recently, animal origin identification of gelatin-based products has drawn more and more concerns. But unclear labelling and false information of animal origin of gelatin in those products would violate religious rules and increase public health risks. Gelatin, a natural functional material obtained from animal connective tissues, has been broadly applied in health-related products such as food, pharmacy, and cosmetic.
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